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Radar ya zombo ndi chida chamagetsi chapamadzi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira malo ndi kayendedwe ka zombo mozungulira zombo zanu.
Rada ya sitimayo imatulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi zombo zina kapena zinthu zapafupi. Zizindikiro zobwerera zimalandiridwa ndi radar ndikusinthidwa kukhala chithunzi chomwe chikuwonetsedwa pazenera la radar.
Rada ya sitimayo imapereka chidziwitso chokhudza mtunda, liwiro ndi njira ya zombo kapena zinthu zina zomwe zili m'deralo.
Mitundu ya radar yam'madzi imadalira momwe chipangizocho chimagwirira ntchito komanso nyengo. Komabe, mtundawu nthawi zambiri umachokera ku mita mazana angapo mpaka ma kilomita angapo.
Pali mitundu ingapo ya radar yam'madzi kuphatikiza X-band radar, S-band radar ndi Doppler effect radar.
Kusiyana pakati pa X-band radar ndi S-band radar kuli pamafupipafupi pomwe ma pulse a electromagnetic amatulutsidwa. X-band radar ili ndi ma frequency apamwamba ndipo imapereka mawonekedwe apamwamba, pomwe radar ya S-band ili ndi ma frequency otsika ndipo imapereka utali wautali.
Mphamvu ya Doppler ndi chodabwitsa chomwe mafunde amagetsi amagetsi amasintha pomwe gwero kapena wolandila amayenda molingana ndi mafunde. Rada ya sitimayo yokhala ndi mphamvu ya Doppler imatha kuyeza liwiro la zombo m'derali.
Zombo zimawonetsedwa pazenera la radar ngati ma blips kapena echoes. Kukula ndi mawonekedwe a blip zimadalira kukula ndi mawonekedwe a sitimayo, komanso mtunda ndi chilengedwe.
ARPA imayimira Automatic Radar Plotting Aid ndipo ndi gawo la makina a radar apanyanja omwe amapereka luso lokonzekera ndi kupewa kugundana. Makina a ARPA amatha kuwerengera ndikuwonetsa malo, liwiro, ndi komwe zombo zina zimathandizira kuyenda motetezeka komanso kupewa kugunda.
Kulondola kwa radar ya sitimayo kumayesedwa ndi transmitter factor, kusamvana, kubwereza, kukhudzidwa ndi kukhazikika kwa dongosolo.
Radar yam'madzi imafuna kukonzedwa pafupipafupi komanso kuwongolera kuti iwonetsetse kuti ikugwira ntchito bwino. Ndikofunikiranso kuti mlongoti ndi zigawo zina zikhale zoyera komanso zopanda dothi, matalala ndi ayezi.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito radar yam'madzi, muyenera kusamala kuti chipangizocho chikhale chotetezeka komanso chogwira ntchito. Izi zikuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito milongoti ya tinyanga ndi mabulaketi oyenerera mlongoti ndi chipangizo, ndikuyang'anira malo ozungulira kuti asokonezedwe ndi kusokoneza.
Radar ya sitimayo imakhala ndi gawo lofunikira poyenda panyanja zazikulu chifukwa imalola sitimayo kuzindikira ndikupewa zombo zina ndi zinthu zomwe zili pafupi. Ndiwothandiza makamaka pakuwoneka bwino komanso nyengo yoyipa.
Rada ya sitima yapamadzi imatha kukhudzidwa ndi mvula, chipale chofewa komanso chifunga m'nyengo yovuta, chifukwa zidazi zimatha kuyamwa ndikuwonetsa maginito amagetsi. Nthawi zina, radar ya sitimayo imathanso kukhudzidwa ndi nyengo ya nyanja komanso kayendedwe ka mafunde.
Kuchuluka kwa radar yam'madzi kumadalira momwe chipangizocho chimagwirira ntchito komanso nyengo. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri radar ya sitimayo imatha kuzindikira zombo zitapita mtunda wa makilomita angapo.
Ubwino wa X-band radar ndikusintha kwakukulu komanso kulondola, komwe kumalola kuzindikira zinthu zazing'ono ndi zopinga. Zoyipa zake ndikuti imatha kusokonezedwa ndi mvula ndi chifunga komanso kuti imakhala ndi malire.
Ubwino wa radar ya S-band ndiutali wotalikirapo kuposa X-band radar ndipo suchedwa kusokonezedwa ndi mvula ndi chifunga. Zoyipa ndizocheperako komanso zolondola poyerekeza ndi X-band radar.
Makina opangira ma radar angapo amapereka zabwino zonse za X-band ndi S-band radar ndipo amatha kusinthana pakati pa ma frequency ngati pakufunika. Zoyipa ndizokwera mtengo komanso zovuta.
Mbali zazikulu za ARPA ndi ntchito yokonzekera ndi kupewa kugundana, kuwerengera ndi kusonyeza malo, liwiro ndi momwe zombo zina zimayendera, ndikuyang'anira madera ozungulira kuti agwedezeke.
Radar ya sitimayo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupulumutsa anthu osweka pothandizira kupeza sitima yomwe ikusowa ndi kutumiza malo ake kumagulu opulumutsa.
ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) ndi njira yotsogola yotsogola yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ma chart apanyanja apakompyuta komanso chidziwitso chanthawi yeniyeni chokhudza zombo ndi zinthu zozungulira kuti zithandizire kuyenda motetezeka komanso mogwira mtima. ECDIS yapangitsa kuyenda panyanja kukhala kotetezeka komanso kothandiza kwambiri ndipo kukugwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukira muzotumiza zamakono.
GPS (Global Positioning System) imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuyenda panyanja chifukwa imalola sitimayo kudziwa malo ake enieni ndikuiwonetsa pama chart amagetsi apanyanja. GPS ndiyothandiza makamaka mukamayenda m'madzi osadziwika komanso ngati simukuoneka bwino.
Dongosolo la ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) ndi makina a radar omwe amatha kuwerengera ndikuwonetsa malo, liwiro, ndi komwe zombo zina zimayendera kuti zithandizire kuyenda bwino komanso kupewa kugunda. Dongosolo la AIS (Automatic Identification System) ndi dongosolo lomwe limatha kuzindikira zombo zokhala ndi ulalo wawayilesi ndikufalitsa zambiri monga dzina, malo, njira ndi liwiro. Ngakhale ARPA imawerengera malo a zombo zina potengera chidziwitso cha radar, AIS imapeza chidziwitsochi mwachindunji kuchokera kuzombozo zokha.
RACON (Radar Beacon) ndi wailesi yaing'ono yomwe imatulutsa chizindikiro cha radar kuti ipatse zombo zina ndi machitidwe oyendamo chizindikiro. Ma RACON nthawi zambiri amayikidwa pamadzi ndi mabokosi kuti awonjezere mawonekedwe awo ndikulola kuyenda bwino.
EPIRB (Emergency Position Idicating Radio Beacon) ndi njira yowonetsera masautso yomwe imangoyamba mwadzidzidzi ndipo imatulutsa chizindikiro chomwe chingathe kulandidwa ndi magulu ofufuzira ndi opulumutsa kuti adziwe malo enieni a sitimayo. Ma EPIRB ndi zida zofunika kwambiri zotetezera panyanja ndipo zingathandize kuonjezera mwayi wa anthu osweka chombo kuti apulumuke.
SART (Search and Rescue Radar Transponder) ndi dongosolo la ma beacon lamavuto lomwe limayatsidwa mwadzidzidzi ndipo limatulutsa chizindikiro chomwe ma radar amatha kuzindikira. Ma SART omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamaboti opulumutsa moyo komanso ma jaketi opulumukira, amatha kuthandizira kusaka ndikupulumutsa anthu osweka.
VTS (Vessel Traffic Service) ndi njira yowunikira yomwe idapangidwa kuti igwirizane ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwa zombo zomwe zili m'malo otanganidwa. VTS imatha kusonkhanitsa ndikuwonetsa zidziwitso monga malo, njira ndi liwiro la zombo kuti zithandizire kuyenda kotetezeka komanso kothandiza.
Radar ndi sonar onse ndi matekinoloje opezera zinthu, koma ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso mfundo zogwirira ntchito. Radar imagwiritsa ntchito mafunde a electromagnetic kudziwa malo omwe zinthu zili, pomwe sonar imagwiritsa ntchito mafunde amawu. Radar imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazamlengalenga ndi panyanja, pomwe sonar imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza pansi pamadzi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zankhondo.
Doppler radar imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya Doppler kuyeza kuthamanga kwa zinthu. Mphamvu ya Doppler imachitika pamene mafunde amasinthasintha pamene gwero kapena wolandila akuyenda molingana ndi mafunde. Doppler radar imatulutsa mafunde a electromagnetic mosalekeza, omwe amawonetsedwa ndi zinthu ndikubwerera ku radar. Poyesa kusuntha kwafupipafupi kwa mafunde obwerera, radar ikhoza kuwerengera liwiro la chinthucho.
SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) ndi mtundu wapadera wa radar womwe umatha kupanga zithunzi zowoneka bwino zapadziko lapansi. SAR imagwiritsa ntchito mlongoti waukulu ndi ma aligorivimu ovuta kupanga ma sign kuti apange zithunzi zomwe zimawoneka ngati zithunzi. Radar ya SAR imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri powonera dziko lapansi, kuyang'anira magombe, ndikusaka ndege ndi zombo zomwe zikusowa.
MARPA (Mini Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) ndi gawo lomwe likupezeka pamakina amakono a radar apanyanja omwe amawerengetsera okha mayendedwe, kuthamanga, komanso ngozi yakugunda kwa zombo zapafupi. MARPA ingathandize kupewa kugundana komanso kupangitsa kuyenda mosavuta.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa X-band radar ndi S-band radar ndi kuchuluka kwa mafunde amagetsi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito. X-band radar imagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency ozungulira 8-12 GHz, pomwe rada ya S-band imagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency a 2-4 GHz. X-band radar nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso olondola, koma imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo monga mvula ndi chifunga. S-band radar simakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo ndipo imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali, koma yotsika.
Monopulse radar ndi phased array radar ndi mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya tinyanga ta radar yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mizati ya radar. Radar ya monopulse imagwiritsa ntchito mlongoti umodzi womwe umatha kuloza mbali zosiyanasiyana kuti upange mtengo wa radar. Mbali inayi, radar ya magawo angapo imagwiritsa ntchito tinyanga tating'ono tambirimbiri tomwe timatha kuwongolera pakompyuta kuti tipange mtengo wa radar mbali zosiyanasiyana. Ma radar apakati nthawi zambiri amapereka kusinthasintha kwakukulu komanso kulondola, pomwe radar ya monopulse ndiyosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo kupanga.
Monga momwe zilili ndi makina wamba a X-band ndi S-band radar, kusiyana pakati pa X-band phased array radar ndi S-band phased array radar kumapezeka pafupipafupi kwa mafunde a electromagnetic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. X-band phased array radar imagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency a 8-12 GHz, pomwe S-band phased array radar imagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency a 2-4 GHz. Mwambiri, X-band phased array radar imapereka kusanja kwapamwamba komanso kulondola, koma imatha kutengeka ndi nyengo monga mvula ndi chifunga. S-band phased array radar ndiyosavuta kutengera nyengo ndipo imakhala yotalikirapo, koma yotsika.
Radar yanyengo ya Doppler imagwira ntchito mofanana ndi radar ya Doppler, koma imagwiritsa ntchito mafunde otsika (pafupifupi 2-4 GHz) mafunde amagetsi. Poyesa kusuntha kwafupipafupi kwa mafunde omwe amawonekera chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa madontho amvula kapena chipale chofewa, radar yanyengo ya Doppler imatha kuyeza liwiro ndi komwe kumagwa mvula. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza zolosera zanyengo komanso kuchenjeza za mphepo yamkuntho kapena zoopsa zina zanyengo.
AIS (Automatic Identification System) ndi makina omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa ndikugawana zambiri za zombo zapafupi. AIS imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapadera wawayilesi kutumiza ndi kulandira deta monga dzina la sitimayo, malo, njira ndi liwiro la sitimayo. Izi zitha kulandiridwa ndi zombo zina kapena ndi Coast Guards kuti apititse patsogolo kuyenda ndikupewa kugunda.
Makina ambiri amakono a radar amatha kulandira ndikuphatikiza deta ya AIS. Pazenera la radar, zombo zotumiza AIS zitha kuwonetsedwa ndi chithunzi chapadera chokhala ndi chidziwitso monga dzina lachombo, liwiro ndi njira. Mwa kuphatikiza AIS mu radar system, zombo zimatha kuyang'anira bwino zomwe zikuzungulira ndikupewa kugunda.
Kusinthasintha kwa radar, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti clutter, ndizizindikiro zowonekera pa radar zomwe sizimachokera ku zinthu zomwe zimakonda koma zimawonekera kuchokera kuzinthu zina monga nyumba, mapiri kapena malupanga. Zizindikirozi zimatha kukhudza kuwerengeka kwa chinsalu cha radar ndikusokoneza luso la makina a radar kuti azindikire zomwe akufuna. Pali njira zingapo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa jitter ya radar, monga ma aligorivimu pokonza ma siginoloji omwe amawongolera chiŵerengero cha ma signal-to-noise kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera kukana zizindikiro zosafunikira.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa rada ya sitima yapamadzi kumadalira zinthu zingapo, monga kuchuluka kwa radar yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, mphamvu yotumizira komanso kukula kwa kachitidwe ka tinyanga. Monga lamulo, makina amakono a radar amasiku ano amatha kukhala ndi maulendo amtunda wa makilomita 100 kapena kuposerapo chifukwa cha maulendo awo apamwamba ndi tinyanga zazikulu. Komabe, mitunduyi imatha kukhudzidwa ndi nyengo yoyipa kapena zopinga monga mapiri kapena nyumba.
Rada yam'madzi yamagulu awiri imagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency a X-band ndi S-band radar kuti ipereke mawonekedwe abwinoko komanso kusasunthika, komanso kulondola kwambiri komanso kulimba. X-band radar imapereka mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso olondola koma amatha kutengeka kwambiri ndi nyengo monga mvula ndi chifunga, pomwe radar ya S-band sivuta kutengera nyengo ndipo imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali koma yotsika. Radar ya sitima yapamadzi yamagulu awiri imalola kuti sitimayo igwiritse ntchito ma frequency onse awiri kuti iwonetsere bwino chilengedwe.
Kusiyana pakati pa malo olimba ndi radar ya sitima ya magnetron kuli mumtundu wa zipangizo zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Radar yam'madzi ya magnetron imagwiritsa ntchito maginito kupanga ndikutumiza mafunde amagetsi, pomwe radar yamadzi yam'madzi imagwiritsa ntchito zida za semiconductor monga ma transistors ndi ma diode kupanga ndikutumiza mafunde amagetsi. Ma radar olimba am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi amakhala ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo, zodalirika komanso zolimba kuposa ma radar amadzi a magnetron, komanso amakhala ndi nthawi yoyambira mwachangu komanso kugunda kwamphamvu. Komabe, makina a radar oyendetsa sitima ya magnetron amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zotumizira komanso zosiyanasiyana.
ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) ndi ntchito yomwe ingaphatikizidwe ndi makina amakono a sitima zapamadzi ndipo imalola kuzindikira ndi kuyang'anira zinthu zotumizira. Ntchito za ARPA zingaphatikizepo kulosera za kugundana, kupanga mayendedwe, ndi kuwerengera maphunziro ndi liwiro la zombo zina. ARPA ingathandizenso kuonjezera chitetezo panyanja pothandiza woyendetsa sitimayo kuzindikira ndi kupewa kugunda komwe kungachitike msanga. Ntchito za ARPA zimathanso kupanga machenjezo osiyanasiyana ndi ma alarm kuti adziwitse woyendetsa sitimayo ku zoopsa zomwe zingachitike.
ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) ndi njira yamagetsi yoyendera yomwe imawonetsa mapu ndi malo a data pakompyuta. Nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi makina a radar a sitimayo ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito deta yake kuti apange chithunzi cholondola komanso chamakono cha malo ozungulira. ECDIS imalola sitimayo kuyang'ana malo ake pa tchati, kukonza njira ndi kuzindikira zopinga ndi zoopsa panjira. Zingathandizenso kuonjezera kulondola kwa kayendedwe kake ndi chitetezo popatsa woyendetsa sitimayo chithunzi chokwanira komanso cholondola cha malo ozungulira.
AIS (Automatic Identification System) ndi njira yozindikirira ndi kutsatira zinthu zotumizira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa pa zombo zazikulu. Imaulutsa zambiri monga dzina la sitimayo, malo, njira ndi liwiro la sitima yapamadzi ya VHF. Ma radar oyendetsa sitima amatha kulandira ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsochi kuti apange chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha chilengedwe ndikupewa maphunziro a kugunda. AIS ingathandizenso kukonza kulumikizana pakati pa zombo ndi masiteshoni am'mphepete mwa nyanja, kukulitsa chitetezo chakuyenda.
Pali zovuta zingapo pakugwiritsa ntchito makina a radar zombo, monga mawonekedwe osawoneka bwino chifukwa cha nyengo kapena zopinga monga mapiri kapena nyumba. Ma radar oyendetsa sitima amathanso kusokonezedwa ndi zida zina zamagetsi ndi magwero azizindikiro, zomwe zingayambitse zotsatira zolakwika kapena zolakwika. Zingakhalenso zovuta kudalira kutanthauzira kwa deta ya radar ya sitimayo chifukwa imakonda kupereka chithunzithunzi chodziwika bwino cha chilengedwe, ndikusiya kwa woyendetsa sitimayo kuti azitha kutanthauzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsocho molondola.
Makina oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi angathandize kuonjezera chitetezo panyanja popatsa sitimayo chithunzithunzi cholondola komanso cholondola cha chilengedwe, kuzindikira kugunda komwe kungachitike msanga, ndikuyambitsa ma alarm ndi machenjezo kuti achenjeze woyendetsa sitimayo ku ngozi. Ma radar oyendetsa sitima amathanso kuphatikizidwa ndi njira zina zoyendera monga ECDIS ndi AIS kuti apereke chidziwitso chokwanira komanso cholondola cha chilengedwe ndikuwonjezera chitetezo chakuyenda. Kuphatikiza apo, ma radar a zombo angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa zombo ndi kutsata kayendedwe ka sitima, zomwe zingathandize kuwongolera kutsata kwa magalimoto komanso kugwirizanitsa kayendedwe ka zombo.
Kulondola kwa data ya sitima yapamadzi kumatha kupitilizidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba za radar zokhala ndi malingaliro abwino komanso kumva. Zitha kukhala zothandizanso kusamalira nthawi zonse ndikuwongolera ma radar a sitima kuti muwonetsetse kuti akugwira ntchito moyenera komanso kupereka deta yolondola. Kugwiritsa ntchito tinyanga tokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso kukhudzika kungathandizenso kuwongolera kusiyanasiyana komanso kulondola kwa ma radar oyendetsedwa ndi sitima. Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikiza ndi njira zina zoyendera monga GPS ndi ECDIS zimalola ma radar a sitima kuti azigwira ntchito molondola komanso moyenera.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yama radar am'madzi kuphatikiza X-band, S-band ndi L-band radar. Ma radar a X-band nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso okhudzidwa, koma amakhala ndi malire. Ma radar a S-band ali ndi utali wautali koma wocheperako kuposa ma radar a X-band. Ma radar a L-band adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pazombo zing'onozing'ono ndipo amakhala ndi malire, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika mtengo kuposa ma radar ena. Palinso ma radar apadera apanyanja omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi akumtunda omwe amatha kuzindikira ndikupewa mapiri oundana ndi zopinga zina.
Ngakhale kuti ma radar apanyanja amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuyenda ndi chitetezo panyanja, amakhalanso ndi malire. Nyengo yoipa monga chifunga, mvula ndi matalala imatha kuchepetsa mawonekedwe a radar ndikuchepetsa kulondola kwa data. Kuphatikiza apo, ma radar am'madzi amatha kusokonezedwa ndi zida zina zamagetsi ndi magwero azizindikiro, zomwe zingayambitse zotsatira zolakwika kapena zolakwika. Ndikofunikiranso kuzindikira kuti deta ya radar ya sitimayo nthawi zambiri imapereka chithunzithunzi chodziwika bwino cha chilengedwe ndipo ndi udindo wa mkulu wa sitimayo kutanthauzira detayi ndipo, mogwirizana ndi machitidwe ena oyendetsa ndi mauthenga, kupanga maulendo oyenera ndi kupanga zisankho.
Tsogolo la machitidwe a radar am'madzi akuwoneka bwino pamene ukadaulo ndi kuphatikizana ndi njira zina zoyendera zikuyendabe. Ma radar amtsogolo akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi malingaliro apamwamba kwambiri komanso osiyanasiyana, komanso kuphatikizana bwino ndi machitidwe ena apanyanja, kuphatikiza kuyenda pawokha komanso luntha lochita kupanga. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito makina a radar am'madzi akuyembekezeredwa kupitiliza kuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha malamulo okhwima ndi miyezo yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe kake ndi chitetezo panyanja.
Si ndege zokha zomwe zimatha kutsatiridwa pa intaneti - palinso radar ya sitima! Apa malo a sitimayo padziko lonse lapansi amatha kutsatiridwa ndikuwonedwa. Simudzangolandira zambiri zamasitima osiyanasiyana, mudzapatsidwanso chidziwitso chokhudza sitimayo Details kupereka. Zopereka zaulere zomwe zingasangalatse makamaka okonda zombo zapamadzi.
AIS imafotokoza kuchuluka kwa data yomwe imalandilidwa ndi zida zolandirira, koma zomwe ziyenera kukhala pamtunda, ndikuwunikidwa pambuyo pake. Zomwe zili ndi:
Deta yaulendo imaperekedwanso. Izi zikuphatikizapo komwe mukupita, nthawi yoti mufike komanso chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali m'ngalawamo. Inland AIS imaperekanso zambiri:
| doko | Nthawi yoyerekeza yofika (LT) |
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