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Ngarava: 1921858 Zviteshi: 20618 Zviteshi 20618 Magetsi: 14670
Radar yengarava chishandiso chemagetsi chinoshandiswa kuona pamire uye kufamba kwengarava dzakatenderedza ngarava yega.
Radar yengarava inoburitsa magetsi emagetsi anotaridzwa nezvimwe zvikepe kana zvinhu zviri pedyo. Zviratidzo zvinodzoka zvinogamuchirwa ne radar uye zvinoshandurwa kuita mufananidzo unoratidzwa pane radar skrini.
Radar yengarava inopa ruzivo nezve chinhambwe, kumhanya uye kwairi kuenda kune dzimwe ngarava kana zvinhu zviri munzvimbo.
Kuwanda kweradar yegungwa kunoenderana nekushanda kwechigadzirwa uye mamiriro ekunze. Nekudaro, huwandu hunowanzo kubva kubva mazana mashoma emamita kusvika kune akati wandei makiromita.
Kune akati wandei marudzi emugungwa radar anosanganisira X-band radar, S-band radar uye Doppler effect radar.
Musiyano uripo pakati peX-bhendi radar neS-bhendi radar uri mukuwanda uko magetsi emagetsi anoburitswa. X-band radar ine yakakwira frequency uye inopa yakakwirira resolution, nepo S-band radar ine yakaderera frequency uye inopa kureba.
Iyo Doppler mhedzisiro chiitiko umo kuwanda kwemafungu emagetsi emagetsi kunoshanduka kana sosi kana inogamuchira ichifamba zvichienderana nemafungu. Radar yengarava ine Doppler effect inokwanisa kuyera kumhanya kwengarava munzvimbo.
Ngarava dzinoratidzwa pane radar skrini semablips kana echoes. Saizi uye chimiro cheblip zvinoenderana nehukuru uye chimiro chechikepe, pamwe nenhambwe nenzvimbo.
ARPA inomirira Automatic Radar Plotting Aid uye chinhu chemugungwa radar masisitimu inopa otomatiki kuronga uye kugona kudzivirira kudhumhana. ARPA masisitimu anogona kuverenga uye kuratidza chinzvimbo, kumhanya, uye gwara rezvimwe ngarava kubatsira mukufamba kwakachengeteka uye kudzivirira kudhumhana.
Kururama kweradar yengarava kunoyerwa nechinhu chinotapurirana, kugadzirisa, kudzokororwa, kunzwisiswa uye kugadzikana kwehurongwa.
Marine radar inoda kugara ichigadziriswa uye kuenzanisa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti iri kushanda nemazvo. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuti antenna uye zvimwe zvikamu zvichengetedzwe zvakachena uye zvisina tsvina, chando uye ice.
Paunenge uchishandisa marine radar, mamwe matanho anofanirwa kutorwa kuti uone kuti mudziyo wakachengeteka uye unoshanda. Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandisa antenna masts uye mabhuraketi akakodzera antenna chaiyo uye mudziyo, uye kutarisa nzvimbo yakatenderedza kuitira kukanganisa nekukanganisa.
Ship radar inoita basa rakakosha pakufamba mumakungwa makuru sezvo ichibvumira ngarava kuona uye kudzivirira dzimwe ngarava uye zvinhu zviri pedyo. Inonyanya kukosha pakuonekwa kusina kunaka uye mamiriro okunze akaipa.
Radar yengarava inogona kukanganiswa nemvura, sinou uye mhute mumamiriro ekunze asina kunaka, sezvo zvinhu izvi zvichikwanisa kubata uye kuratidza masaini emagetsi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, radar yengarava inogonawo kukanganiswa nemamiriro egungwa uye mafambiro emafungu.
Iyo yakawanda yakawanda yeradhi yegungwa inobva pakushanda kwechigadzirwa uye mamiriro ekunze. Kazhinji, zvisinei, radar yengarava inogona kuona ngarava dziri chinhambwe chemakiromita akati kuti.
Zvakanakira zveX-band radar ndeyekugadziriswa kwepamusoro uye kurongeka, izvo zvinobvumira kuona zvinhu zvidiki uye zvipingamupinyi. Zvakaipa ndezvekuti inotapukirwa nekukanganiswa nemvura nemhute uye ine huwandu hushoma.
Zvakanakira S-bhendi radar kureba kupfuura X-bhendi radar uye kushoma kukanganiswa kukanganiswa kubva kunaya nemhute. Kuipa kwakaderera kugadzirisa uye kurongeka zvichienzaniswa neX-band radar.
Multi-frequency radar masisitimu anopa mabhenefiti ezvose X-bhendi uye S-bhendi radar uye anogona kushandura pakati pema frequency sezvinodiwa. Kukanganisa kudhura kwakanyanya uye kuoma.
Mamiriro makuru eARPA ndeye otomatiki kuronga uye kudhumhana kudzivirira basa, kuverenga uye kuratidza chinzvimbo, kumhanya uye kwainoenda kune dzimwe ngarava, uye kutarisa nharaunda yakatenderedza kune zvinogona kubondera.
Radar yengarava inogona kushandiswa kununura vanhu vanenge vaparara nechikepe nekubatsira kutsvaga chikepe chisipo uye kutumira nzvimbo yacho kuzvikwata zvekununura.
ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display uye Ruzivo Sistimu) ndeye advanced navigation system inoshandisa emagetsi nautical machati uye chaiyo-nguva ruzivo nezve ngarava uye zvinhu zvakatenderedza kubatsira mukufamba kwakachengeteka uye kunoshanda. ECDIS yakaita kuti kufamba mugungwa kuve kwakachengeteka uye kunoshanda zvakanyanya uye iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya mukufambisa kwengarava kwemazuva ano.
GPS (Global Positioning System) inoita basa rakakosha mukufamba mugungwa sezvo ichibvumira ngarava kuti ione paimire chaipo uye ichiratidzira pamachati emagetsi emugungwa. GPS inonyanya kubatsira kana uchifamba mumvura isina kujairika uye kana kuoneka kwakashata.
An ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) system ndeye radar system inogona kuverenga uye kuratidza nzvimbo, kumhanya, uye kwainoenda kune mamwe ngarava kubatsira mukufamba kwakachengeteka uye kudzivirira kudhumhana. An AIS (Automatic Identification System) system inzira inogona kuona ngarava ine redhiyo link uye kuendesa ruzivo senge zita, chinzvimbo, kosi uye kumhanya. Nepo ARPA ichiverengera nzvimbo yezvimwe ngarava zvichibva paruzivo rweradar, AIS inowana ruzivo urwu zvakananga kubva kungarava pachadzo.Zvisinei, masisitimu ese ari maviri anogona kushandiswa pamwe chete kupa kuongorora kwakadzama uye kudzivirira kudhumhana.
RACON (Radar Beacon) iredhiyo diki inoburitsa chiratidzo cheradar kuti ipe dzimwe ngarava uye masisitimu ekufambisa chiratidzo. MaRACON anowanzo kuiswa pamavaid uye mabhuoys kuti awedzere kuoneka uye kubvumira kunyatso fambisa.
EPIRB (Emergency Position Idicating Radio Beacon) inzira yekushungurudza bhakoni inokonzereswa otomatiki pakaitika njodzi uye inoburitsa chiratidzo chinogona kubvumwa nemapoka ekutsvaga neanonunura kuti aone nzvimbo chaiyo yengarava. EPIRBs chinhu chakakosha chemidziyo yekuchengetedza pagungwa uye inogona kubatsira kuwedzera mikana yevanhu vakaputsika nechikepe kuti vararame.
SART (Tsvaga uye Rescue Radar Transponder) ndeyekushungurudzika bhekoni system iyo inogadziriswa munguva dzekukurumidzira uye inoburitsa chiratidzo icho ma radar anogona kuona. Inowanzo shandiswa pamabhoti ehupenyu uye majaketi ehupenyu, maSART anogona kubatsira kufambisa kutsvaga nekununura vanhu vakaputsikirwa nechikepe.
VTS (Vessel Traffic Service) inzira yekutarisa yakagadzirirwa kuronga uye kutarisa traffic yezvikepe munzvimbo dzakabatikana. VTS inogona kuunganidza uye kuratidza ruzivo senge chinzvimbo, kosi uye kumhanya kwezvikepe kutsigira kwakachengeteka uye kunoshanda kufamba.
Radar uye sonar ese ari maviri matekinoroji ekutsvaga zvinhu, asi ane akasiyana maapplication uye nemisimboti yekushanda. Radar inoshandisa mafungu emagetsi kuona pamire zvinhu, nepo sonar inoshandisa masaisai eruzha. Radar inonyanya kushandiswa mune aeronautics uye mugungwa navigation, nepo sonar ichinyanya kushandiswa mukuongorora pasi pemvura uye kushandiswa kwechiuto.
Doppler radar inoshandisa iyo Doppler mhedzisiro kuyera kumhanya kwezvinhu. Iyo Doppler mhedzisiro inoitika kana iyo frequency yemafungu ichichinja sezvo sosi kana inogamuchira inofamba zvichienderana nemafungu. A Doppler radar inoramba ichiburitsa mafungu emagetsi, ayo anoratidzwa nezvinhu uye anodzokera kune radar. Nekuyera mafambiro ekuchinja kwemafungu ari kudzoka, radar inogona kuverenga kumhanya kwechinhu.
SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imhando yakakosha yeradar inokwanisa kugadzira mifananidzo yakakwira-resolution yePasi. SAR inoshandisa antenna hombe uye yakaoma masaini kugadzirisa algorithms kugadzira mifananidzo inotaridzika yakafanana nemifananidzo. SAR radar inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutarisa pasi, kutarisa kumahombekombe, uye kutsvaga ndege nengarava dzakashaikwa.
MARPA (Mini Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) chinhu chinowanikwa pane mamwe mazuvano emugungwa radar masisitimu ayo anoverengera otomatiki makosi, kumhanya, uye njodzi yekudhumhana kwezvikepe zviri pedyo. MARPA inogona kubatsira kudzivirira makondera uye kuita kuti kufamba kuve nyore.
Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati peX-band radar neS-band radar ndeye frequency yemafungu emagetsi avanoshandisa. X-band radar inoshandisa frequency yakatenderedza 8-12 GHz, nepo S-band radar inoshandisa frequency yakatenderedza 2-4 GHz. X-bhendi radar kazhinji ine yakakwirira resolution uye huchokwadi, asi inotapukirwa nemamiriro ekunze akadai semvura uye mhute. S-band radar hainyanyi kutarisisa mamiriro ekunze uye ine hurefu hwakareba, asi yakaderera resolution.
Monopulse radar uye phased array radar marudzi maviri akasiyana eradar antenna anoshandiswa kugadzira radar matanda. Monopulse radar inoshandisa antenna imwe chete inogona kunongedzwa munzira dzakasiyana kugadzira radar danda. Radar yakaganhurwa, kune rumwe rutivi, inoshandisa antenna madiki akawanda anogona kutungamirwa nemagetsi kugadzira radar danda munzira dzakasiyana. Phased array radar kazhinji inopa kuchinjika kukuru uye kunyatsoita, nepo monopulse radar iri nyore uye yakachipa kuvaka.
Sezvinoita zvakajairwa X-bhendi uye S-bhendi radar masisitimu, mutsauko uripo pakati peX-band phased array radar neS-band phased array radar uri mukuwanda kwemafungu emagetsi anoshandiswa. X-band phased array radar inoshandisa frequency ye8-12 GHz, ukuwo S-band phased array radar inoshandisa frequency yakatenderedza 2-4 GHz. Kazhinji, X-band phased array radar inopa kugadziriswa kwepamusoro uye kurongeka, asi inotapukirwa nemamiriro ekunze akadai semvura uye mhute. S-band phased array radar hainyanyi kukanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze uye ine hurefu hwakareba, asi yakaderera resolution.
Doppler weather radar inoshanda zvakafanana neDoppler radar, asi inoshandisa yakaderera frequency (mupakati pe2-4 GHz) mafungu emagetsi. Nekuyera mafambiro ekuchinja kwemafungu anotaridza kunokonzerwa nekufamba kwemadonhwe emvura kana sinou, Doppler weather radar inokwanisa kuyera kumhanya uye kwakanangana nekunaya kwemvura. Ruzivo urwu runogona kushandiswa kuvandudza mamiriro ekunze uye kunyevera nezvemadutu makuru kana dzimwe njodzi dzemamiriro ekunze.
AIS (Automatic Identification System) isystem inoshandiswa kuunganidza nekugovana ruzivo nezve ngarava dziri pedyo. AIS inoshandisa yakasarudzika mhando yeredhiyo tekinoroji kutumira uye kugamuchira otomatiki data senge zita rechikepe, chinzvimbo, kosi uye kumhanya. Iyi data inogona kugamuchirwa nemimwe ngarava kana neCoast Guards kuti ivandudze kufamba uye kudzivirira kudhumhana.
Mazhinji emazuva ano ngarava radar masisitimu anokwanisa kugamuchira nekubatanidza AIS data. Pachidzitiro cheradar, ngarava dzinotumira AIS dzinogona kuratidzwa ine yakakosha icon ine ruzivo senge zita rechikepe, kumhanya uye kosi. Nekubatanidza AIS mune radar system, ngarava dzinogona kutarisa zvirinani zvakatipoteredza uye kudzivirira kudhumhana.
Kuchinja kweradar, kunozivikanwawo se clutter, zvikwangwani zviri pachiratidziro cheradar izvo zvisingabvi pazvinhu zvinofarirwa asi zvinoratidzwa kubva kune zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sezvivakwa, makomo kana minondo. Aya masaini anogona kukanganisa kuverenga kweiyo radar skrini uye kukanganisa iyo radar system kugona kuona zvinangwa zvekufarira. Kune akati wandei maitiro anogona kushandiswa kuderedza kana kubvisa radar jitter, senge masignal process algorithms anovandudza chiratidzo-ku-ruzha reshiyo kana kushandisa mafirita kuramba masaini asingadiwe.
Uwandu hweradar yengarava yakajairwa zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakati wandei, senge kuwanda kweiyo radar inoshandiswa, simba rekufambisa uye saizi yeantenna system. Semutemo, zvikepe zvemazuva ano radar masisitimu anogona kuve nehupamhi hunosvika zana nautical mamaira kana kupfuura nekuda kweiyo yakakwirira frequency uye yakakura antennas. Nekudaro, huwandu hunogona kukanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze asina kunaka kana zvipingamupinyi zvakaita semakomo kana zvivakwa.
A dual-band marine radar anoshandisa ese X-bhendi uye S-bhendi radar frequencies kupa nani siyana uye kugadzirisa, pamwe nekunyatsoita uye kusimba. X-band radar inopa sarudzo yepamusoro uye huchokwadi asi inonyanya kubatwa nemamiriro ekunze akadai semvura uye mhute, nepo S-band radar isinganyanyi kubatwa nemamiriro ekunze uye ine hurefu hwakareba asi yakaderera resolution. A dual-band ship radar inobvumira ngarava kuti itore mukana kune ese ari maviri ma frequency renji kuti iwedzere uye yakamiririra inomiririra nharaunda.
Musiyano uripo pakati pechimiro chakasimba uye magnetron ngarava radar uri mumhando yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandiswa. Magnetron marine radar inoshandisa magineti kugadzira uye kutumira masaisai emagetsi, nepo solid state marine radar inoshandisa semiconductor zvinhu zvakaita sematransistors uye diode kugadzira uye kutumira mafungu emagetsi. Solid state marine radar masisitimu anowanzo kuve ane simba rakawanda, akavimbika uye akasimba kupfuura magnetron marine radar masisitimu, uye zvakare ane kukurumidza kutanga-up nguva uye yakakwirira pulse rate. Nekudaro, magnetron ship radar masisitimu anogona kuve nepamusoro ekufambisa simba uye renji.
ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) ibasa rinogona kubatanidzwa mune zvemazuva ano radar masisitimu engarava uye inobvumira kuona otomatiki uye kutarisa kwezvinhu zvekutumira. Mabasa eARPA anogona kusanganisira kufanotaura makosi ekudhumhana, kugadzira marongero, uye kuverenga makosi uye kumhanya kwezvimwe ngarava. ARPA inogonawo kubatsira kuwedzera kuchengetedzeka pagungwa nekubatsira mutyairi wengarava kuti aone uye adzivise kudhumhana kunobvira kare. Mabasa eARPA anogona zvakare kuburitsa yambiro dzakasiyana siyana uye maaramu kuti azivise mufambisi wengarava kune njodzi dzinogona kuitika.
ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display uye Information System) inzira yemagetsi yekufambisa inoratidza mepu uye chinzvimbo data pane komputa. Iyo inowanzobatanidzwa neiyo radar system yechikepe uye inogona kushandisa data yayo kugadzira iyo chaiyo uye yemazuva ano mufananidzo wezvakatenderedza. ECDIS inobvumira ngarava kuti itarise nzvimbo yayo pachati, kuronga nzira uye kuona zvipingamupinyi nenjodzi munzira. Inogonawo kubatsira kuwedzera kurongeka kwekufamba uye kuchengetedzeka nekupa mufambisi wengarava mufananidzo wakakwana uye wakajeka wezvakatenderedza.
AIS (Automatic Identification System) inzira yekuona uye yekutevera zvinhu zvekutumira, zvinowanzoiswa pazvikepe zvakakura. Inotepfenyura ruzivo rwakadai sezita rengarava, chinzvimbo, kosi uye kumhanya pamusoro peVHF radio frequency. Ship radar masisitimu anogona kugashira uye kushandisa ruzivo urwu kugadzira inomiririra yakazara yezvakatipoteredza uye kudzivirira makosi ekudhumhana. AIS inogona zvakare kubatsira kuvandudza kutaurirana pakati pezvikepe nezviteshi zvemahombekombe, kuwedzera kuchengetedzeka kwekufamba.
Kune akati wandei matambudziko mukushandisa ngarava radar masisitimu, senge kuoneka kunoganhurwa nemamiriro ekunze asina kunaka kana zvipingamupinyi zvakaita semakomo kana zvivakwa. Ngarava radars inogonawo kuve pasi pekukanganiswa kubva kune zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye masaini masosi, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kune zvisiri izvo kana kukanganisa mhedzisiro. Zvinogona zvakare kuve zvakaoma kuvimba nekududzirwa kwe data radar yengarava sezvo ichiita senge ichipa mucherechedzo wakajeka wezvakatipoteredza, zvichisiya kune mutyairi wengarava kududzira uye kushandisa ruzivo nemazvo.
Zvikepe radar masisitimu anogona kubatsira kuwedzera kuchengetedzeka mugungwa nekupa ngarava kumiririrwa kwakaringana uye kwakaringana kwezvakatipoteredza, kuona zvinogona kuitika kudhumhana nekukurumidza, uye kukonzeresa maaramu uye yambiro kuti izivise mutyairi wengarava nezvenjodzi. Ship radars inogona zvakare kusanganiswa nemamwe masisitimu ekufambisa akadai seECDIS neAIS kuti ipe humbowo hwakakwana uye hwakakwana humiriri hwezvakatipoteredza uye kuwedzera kuchengetedzwa kwekufamba. Pamusoro pezvo, maradhi engarava anogona zvakare kushandiswa kutarisa kufamba kwengarava uye kuronda mafambiro engarava, izvo zvinogona kubatsira kuvandudza kutevedzana kwetraffic uye kurongeka kwekufamba kwengarava.
Kurongeka kwedata radar yengarava kunogona kuvandudzwa nematanho akasiyana, akadai sekushandisa emhando yepamusoro radar midziyo ine yakanaka resolution uye sensitivity. Zvinogona zvakare kubatsira kugara uchichengetedza uye kugadzirisa maradhi engarava kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti ari kushanda nemazvo uye nekupa data chairo. Kushandisa ma antenna ane simba rakawanda uye kunzwisiswa kunogona kubatsirawo kuvandudza huwandu uye huchokwadi hwema radar anotakurwa nechikepe. Pamusoro pezvo, kubatanidzwa nemamwe masisitimu ekufambisa akadai seGPS neECDIS anobvumira maradhi engarava kuti ashande nemazvo uye nemazvo.
Kune marudzi akasiyana emaradhi emugungwa anosanganisira X-band, S-band uye L-band radar. X-bhendi radars anowanzo kuve nepamusoro resolution uye kunzwisiswa, asi anogumira kune yakaganhurwa huwandu. S-bhendi radars ane hurefu hwakareba asi yakaderera resolution pane X-bhendi radar. L-band radars akagadzirirwa kushandiswa pazvikepe zvidiki uye ane mashoma mashoma, asi anowanzo kudhura kupfuura mamwe maradha. Kune zvakare akasarudzika marine radar ekushandiswa mumvura yeArctic inokwanisa kuona nekunzvenga icebergs nezvimwe zvipingamupinyi.
Kunyange zvazvo maradhi emugungwa achiita basa rakakosha mukufamba uye kuchengeteka pagungwa, anewo paanogumira. Mamiriro ekunze akashata akadai semhute, mvura nechando anogona kuderedza kuoneka kweradar system uye kuderedza huchokwadi hwe data. Mukuwedzera, maradhi emugungwa anogona kuve pasi pekukanganiswa kubva kune zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye masaini masosi, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro isina kururama kana kukanganisa. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti data radar yengarava inowanzopa inomiririra yezvakatipoteredza uye ibasa remukuru wengarava kududzira iyi data uye, pamwe nemamwe masisitimu ekufambisa uye ruzivo, kuita kufambisa kwakakodzera uye kuita sarudzo.
Ramangwana remugungwa radar masisitimu rinotaridzika rakajeka sezvo tekinoroji uye kubatanidzwa nemamwe masisitimu ekufambisa ari kuramba achishanduka. Remangwana rengarava radar masisitimu anotarisirwa kuve neyakatokwirisa resolution uye huwandu, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kusanganisa nemamwe masisitimu ekufambisa, anosanganisira kuzvitonga kuzere uye hungwaru hwekugadzira. Pamusoro pezvo, kushandiswa kwemarine radar masisitimu kunotarisirwa kuramba kuchiwedzera nekuda kwemitemo yakasimba uye zviyero zvekufamba uye kuchengeteka pagungwa.
Haisi chete ndege dzinogona kuteverwa paInternet - kune zvakare ngarava radar! Pano nzvimbo dzechikepe pasi rose dzinogona kuteverwa nekucherechedzwa. Iwe haungogamuchire ruzivo nezve akasiyana ngarava zvinzvimbo, iwe zvakare uchapihwa ruzivo-chakanangana nechikepe. Details akapa. Chipo chemahara chinozonakidza vanofarira ngarava kunyanya.
Iyo AIS inoshuma huwandu hukuru hwe data inotambirwa nemidziyo inogashira, asi iyo inofanirwa kunge iri mukati mehuwandu, uye inozoongororwa. Iyo data inosanganisira:
Iyo data yekufamba inofambiswa zvakare. Izvi zvinosanganisira nzvimbo yekufamba, nguva inofungidzirwa yekusvika uyezve nhamba yevanhu vari muchikepe. Iyo Inland AIS inopawo imwe data:
| chiteshi | Inofungidzirwa nguva yekusvika (LT) |
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